What is Kidney Cancer? Its Types, Causes, Signs & Symptoms.

What is Kidney Cancer?

Kidneys are the vital organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine. Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer, is a type of cancer that develops in the kidneys. Although it is relatively rare to be found, it does pose to be serious and potentially life-threatening. Kidney cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the kidneys start to multiply uncontrollably, forming a tumour. In this blog, we will explore the different types of kidney cancer, discuss the early signs and symptoms, understand the diagnostic process, and explore various treatment options.

Types of Kidney Cancer

There are several types of kidney cancer, with the most common being renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RCC is the most common type of cancer in all kidney cancer cases. Other less common types include transitional cell carcinoma, renal sarcoma, and Wilms tumour, which primarily affects children. Each type of kidney cancer has different characteristics and treatment approaches, making accurate diagnosis crucial for effective management.

1. Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC): RCC being the most common type of kidney cancer, accounts for about 85% of cases. It develops in the small tubes (tubules) of the kidney that filter the blood and remove waste products.
2. Transitional Cell Carcinoma: This type of kidney cancer starts in the lining of the renal pelvis or the ureter, the tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder. Transitional cell carcinoma is less common than RCC.
3. Renal Sarcoma: Renal sarcomas are rare and develop in the connective tissues of the kidney. They often have a weaker prognosis compared to RCC.
4. Wilms Tumour: Wilms tumour primarily affects children, typically occurring between the ages of 2 and 5. It is a rare type of kidney cancer and is usually curable with appropriate treatment.

Early Signs and Symptoms

Early signs and symptoms can vary from one person to another. In some cases, kidney cancer may not cause evident symptoms in the early stages. However, as the tumour grows or spreads, the following signs and symptoms may occur:

1. Blood in Urine: Also known as haematuria, this is the most common early sign of kidney cancer. The urine may appear pink, red, or cola-coloured. It is important to note that haematuria can also be caused by other conditions unrelated to kidney cancer, but it should always be evaluated by a healthcare professional.
2. Back Pain: Persistent pain in the lower back or on one side of the body is another common early symptom. The pain may be dull or sharp and may not go away with usual treatments for back pain. It is important to distinguish kidney-related back pain from muscle strains or injuries.
3. Fatigue and Weight Loss: Unexplained fatigue, a general feeling of weakness, and unintended weight loss can occur as kidney cancer progresses. Cancer cells can disrupt the body’s normal metabolic processes and lead to weight loss even when appetite and food intake remain unchanged.
4. Abdominal Mass or Swelling: Sometimes, one may feel a lump or swelling in the abdomen. This can occur when the tumour grows large enough to be palpable. However, not all kidney cancers cause an obvious abdominal mass or swelling.
5. Flank Pain: Flank pain, which is pain or discomfort on the side of the body where the affected kidney is located, can occur. This pain is often described as a dull ache or pressure sensation.
6. Changes in Urination: Some individuals may experience changes in their urination patterns. This can include increased frequency of urination, especially at night, or a sensation of urgency. However, these symptoms can also be caused by other urinary tract conditions, so it is important to consult a healthcare professional for accurate diagnosis.

It is important to note that the presence of these symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has kidney cancer. Many of these signs can also be caused by other less severe conditions. However, it is always important to consult a healthcare provider for a thorough evaluation. Early detection plays a crucial role in the successful treatment of kidney cancer.

How is Kidney Cancer Diagnosed?

If kidney cancer is suspected, the healthcare provider will conduct various tests and procedures to make a definitive diagnosis. These may include:

1. Imaging tests: Imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI help in creating a picture of the kidneys to detect if any abnormalities or tumours are there.
2. Blood tests: Blood tests often tend to reveal certain markers or abnormalities that may reveal the presence of kidney cancer.
3. Biopsy: In some cases, a small sample of kidney tissue is removed for examination under a microscope. This procedure, called a biopsy, helps confirm the diagnosis and determine the specific type of kidney cancer.

How is Kidney Cancer Treated?

The Kidney cancer treatment approach for kidney cancer depends on several factors, including the type and stage of cancer, overall health, and individual preferences. Treatment options may include:

1. Surgery: Surgery is the primary treatment for kidney cancer. The extent of surgery depends on the size and location of the tumour. It may involve removing a portion of the kidney (partial nephrectomy) or the entire kidney (radical nephrectomy).
2. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to kill those cancer cells. It may be used to target specific areas or relieve symptoms in advanced cases.
3. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy drugs specifically target cancer cells, preventing their growth and spread. These medications interfere with specific molecules that are involved in the growth of cancerous cells.
4. Immunotherapy: Here, the body’s immune system is stimulated to recognize and attack cancer cells. It can be particularly effective in certain types of kidney cancer.
5. Clinical trials: Clinical trials offer innovative treatment options that are still being studied and can provide access to promising new therapies.

FAQs

1. When should I see my healthcare provider?
   If you experience any persistent symptoms such as blood in urine, unexplained back pain, fatigue, or unintended weight loss, it is important to consult your healthcare provider for evaluation.
2. Is kidney cancer curable?
   This varies depending on the stage of cancer at diagnosis and other factors. Early detection and appropriate treatment increase the chances of a favourable outcome. In some cases, kidney cancer can be cured, particularly when detected at an early stage.
3. What foods help fight kidney cancer?
   While there is no specific food that can cure kidney cancer, a balanced and nutritious diet is important for overall health. Foods such as fruits and vegetables that are rich in antioxidants, may help boost the body’s defences against cancer.
    
4. How can I prevent kidney cancer?
   Although it may not be possible to prevent kidney cancer entirely, adopting a healthy lifestyle can lower the risk. This includes avoiding tobacco products, maintaining a healthy weight, staying physically active, and eating a nutritious diet. Certain medical conditions, such as high blood pressure and chronic kidney disease, can also increase the risk of kidney cancer. Hence it is always advisable to manage these conditions and keep them under control.

Last words

Kidney cancer is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. Understanding the types, signs, and symptoms of kidney cancer is crucial for early detection and successful treatment. By taking proactive steps towards prevention, early detection, and accessing effective treatment options, individuals can improve their chances of managing kidney cancer successfully and achieving better health outcomes.